Saturday, 7 March 2009
Sunday, 27 July 2008
Keruh Jernih Hubungan Malaysia-Indonesia
Assalamualaikum,
First ini kikkakenya dari video anti-malaysia di youtube, dari satu rancangan
Persoalan yang timbul dalam kepala aku, kenapa perkara ni terjadi? Adakah sebab sifat hasad dengki, ataupun mungkin ada punca-punca yang tersembunyi yang kita sendiri tak sedar menyebabkan kesepakatan hati antara 2 negara ni begitu jauh. Jawapan pertama yang aku dapat adalah berlaku lebih dari 1000 tahun yang lalu, iaitu kerajaan Sri Vijaya. Kerajaan ni bertapak di kepulauan Melayu pada 300-1400, dan successornya merupakan keturunan Melayu. Dan mungkin korang pernah juga dengar Majapahit yang begitu kuat pada waktu dulu menurut kisah2, merupakan sebuah empayar Jawa. Aku tak berani nak cerita banyak sebab aku tak tahu kisah-kisah penuh berkenaan dengan ni tapi disebabkan perbalahan dan perebutan kuasa antara kaum Melayu dan Jawa merupakan sebab Parameswara lari hingga ke Melaka dan mengasaskan Kerajaan Melayu Melaka yang unggul.
Bagi aku mungkin antara punca sebenar ketidakserasian antara
Okeh berbalik pada masa sekarang, tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa
Aku dibesarkan dalam komuniti Melayu, dan jiran aku ada mengambil pembantu rumah
Sedar atau tidak masa akan terus berlalu dan tindakan kita sekarang akan memberi impak yang besar terhadap hubungan Malaysia-Indonesia pada masa yang akan datang. Personally, aku tak nampak sebarang keuntungan oleh pihak
-BM aku makin teruk-
World Invention
Okeh updated skit base on kerja hari tu. First persoalan yang aku dapat adalah biasanya sejarah sebuah empire tu lenyap apabila kejatuhannya, tapi sejarah empire islam lenyap di tengah2 zaman kegemilangannya.2nd aku mmg terasa yang betapa ruginya dunia islam waktu kejatuhan
ISLAM WORLD | WORLD INVENTION ? |
Before Islam | 105 - Paper invented in 300 - Stirrups invented in weapons effectively. 475 - Horse collar invented in |
Arab Empire Rise of Islam Empire 632-750 Golden Age 750-1258 Caliphate : 632 – 661 Rashidun 661 – 750 Umayyad 750-1258 Abbasid | 600 -The heavy plow invented by the Slavs. 770 - Horseshoes come into use in 810 - First description of Arabic numerals. 1000 - Chinese discover a weak form of gunpowder. 1041 - Movable clay type invented in 1060 - Earliest reference to a water-powered fulling mill for finishing cloth. 1100 - Water power used for iron-making in 1180 - Windmills in - Properties of the compass known in 1249 - Roger Bacon gives earliest European recipe for gunpowder. 1286 - Eyeglasses invented in 1291 - The Venetian glass industry producing mirrors. |
1258-Mongol Invasion In Baghdad(Battle of Baghdad) The Grand Library of Baghdad, containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Survivors said that the waters of the Tigris ran black with ink from the enormous quantities of books flung into the river. In 797 (or possibly 801) - the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul-Abbas together with a mechanical clock. So Italy in 1335 was the inventer ? | |
1299-1453 Mehmed II 1444-1481 Conquest ofConstantinople( | 1300 - Spinning wheels found in 1335 - The earliest recorded mechanical clock is built in 1440 - Printing Press (Johannes Gutenberg) |
Growth 1453-1683 Suleiman The Magnificent 1520-1566 | 1503 - Mona Lisa Portrait(Leonardo da Vinci) 1642 - Adding Machine(Blaise Pascal) 1668 - Reflecting Telescope(Isaac Newton) 1673 – Microbiology(Anton van Leeuwenhoek) |
Decline 1699-1908 | 1701 - Seed Drill (Jethro Tull) 1742 - Franklin Stove (Benjamin Franklin) 1752 - Lightning Rod (Benjamin Franklin) 1760 - Bifocal Glasses (Benjamin Franklin) 1764 - Spinning Jenny(Thomas Highs) 1767 - Jigsaw Puzzle(John Spilsbury) 1775 - Mechanized Textile Loom(Richard Arkwright) 1782 - Shot Tower (William Watts) 1783 - Hot Air Balloon(Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier) 1790 - Pot Ash Process(Samuel Hopkins() 1793 - Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) 1796 - Smallpox Vaccine(Edward Jenner) 1800 - Electric Battery (Alessandro Volta) 1801 - Jacquard Loom(Joseph-Marie Jacquard) 1806 - Coffee Pot (Benjamin Thompson) 1821 - Difference Engine(Charles Babbage) 1824 - Braille(Louis Braille) 1827 - Ohm's Law(George Simon Ohm) |
Nak baca jadual invention barat??
betul ke ni???
Nak baca sedikit invention islam??
muslim heritage
1001 Invention
Lets us discover 1000years missing history (600-1600)
Chronology of major events in Muslim Heritage This is a short and incomplete list of major developments made by Muslims during the 9th to 16th Centuries. Shortcut to: 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th+ Centuries. 9th Century | |
800AD | Muslim merchants reach China (Canton). Foundation of a paper factory in Baghdad; the first in history outside China. The Muslims use different materials from the Chinese, though. This is a development that would subsequently revolutionise learning. The paper industry spreads from Baghdad, to Syria and further West, until it reaches about a century later Europe (Spain) via Morocco. Mash'allah writes on the Astrolabe. He was one of the earliest astronomers and astrologers in Islam. Only one of his writings is extant in Arabic, but there are many medieval Latin and Hebrew translations of it. His most popular book in the Middle Ages was the `De scientia motus orbis,' translated by G. Cremonna in the twelfth century. Al-Tabari writes on Astronomy. |
807AD | Harun al-Rashid gives Charlemagne a clock that struck the hours. |
808AD | Foundation of the city of Fez by the Idrisids in Morocco. |
815AD | Foundation in Baghdad of the science library and academy Bayt al-Hikma. |
820AD | Possible year of the death of Ibn Muhammad. Muslim historian and archaelogist. He completed the studies of his father (Muhammad) on Arabian antiquity and became the leading authority of his time on the subject. His main work deals with the genealogy of the Arabs (Kitab al-nassab al-kabir...) |
820AD | Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi writes Al-jabr wa'l Muqabalah, from which we derive the word "Algebra", which gives algorithms for finding the positive solutions to all equations of the first and second degree (linear and quadratic). Al-Khwarizmi was one of the first to compute astronomical and trigonometrical tables. |
820-829AD | Birth of Astronomer and Geographer al Farghani. al-Farghani (Alfraganus) was the first Muslim writer to write a comprehensive treatise on astronomy, that was very popular until the fifteenth century. It influenced not only the Muslim, but also through Latin and Hebrew translations, the Christian and Jewish astronomers. |
829AD | Al-Mamun has an observatory built. His astronomers calculate the inclination of the ecliptic at 23 degree 33'. They also construct tables of planetary motion. The same scientists calculate the circumference of the earth, putting it at 20, 400 miles. |
830AD | The Baghdad observatory determines the position of the solar apogee as 82039'. |
831AD | Death of Al-Asmai. He was a very pious scholar. He wrote many works chiefly on the horse (kitab al-Khail), on the camel (Kitab al-Ibil), on wild animals (Kitab al-Wuhush), on the making of man (Kitab khalk al-Insan). This work shows that the Muslims already had vast knowledge of human anatomy. |
836AD | Thabit ibn Qurra (to write later on the Balance) is born in Turkey. |
840-849AD | The traveller Suleiman reaches China. Tales of his trip become the first accounts of China in the Muslim world. |
840-849AD | The first Muslim writing that records sunspots, by Al-Muqtafi. |
847AD | Death of the mathematician Al-Khwarazmi. |
850AD | Sahl ibn Bishr writes on arithmetic, algebra, and astronomy. |
851AD | Publication by an anonymous author of the accounts of Suleiman the merchant, who had travelled to the coast lands of the Indian Ocean and to China This is the first Arabic account of China and of many of the coastlands of the Indian Ocean. Suleiman records the use of fingerprints as signature by the Chinese. |
858AD | Birth in Haran (Turkey) of Al-Batani (Albategnius). He is to introduce into Astronomy the use of Trigonometry, and carry extensive precise measurements. He also made a number of observations from 877 on, and in 880 compiled a catalogue of stars for that year. He determined astronomical coefficients with great accuracy, discovered the motion of the solar apsides, and wrote an astronomical treatise which remained authoritative until the sixteenth century. In his treatise is a trigonometrical summary that includes sines, tangents and cotangents. It contains a table of cotangents by degrees and a theorem equivalent to our formula giving the cosine of a side of a spherical triangle in function of the cosine of the opposite angle and of the sines and cosines of the other sides. |
860AD | Al-Kindi writes on Astronomy, geometrical and physiological optics; he also criticises alchemy. His writings on music are the earliest of their kind extant in Arabic; they include a notation for the determination of pitch. |
861AD | Death of Al-Farghani. |
870AD | Tabit ibn Qorra writes on Conics. The Three Brothers Banu Musa write on Geometry, and Astronomy. Among other works also attributed to them is one on the balance. Death of al-Kindi, philosopher and scientist. |
875AD | Muslim travellers to China report having seen toilet paper in use in that country. |
877AD | Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish slave who had risen to high command in the caliph's armies, became the governor of Egypt in 868. This year begins the construction of the impressive mosque of `Ibn Tulun' in the garrison town of Al-Qata'i' (part of modem Cairo). |
880-909AD | Al-Battani (Albategnius) calculates the length of the year and determines the precession of the equinoxes. Al-Razi (chemist and physicist) is the first scientist to make an accurate classification of chemical substances into mineral, vegetable, animal, and derivative. He also sub-classifies minerals into metals, spirits, salts, and stones. He also gives formulae for making metallic antimony, soap and many other substances. Al-Razi was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona and others. Most of the works of Al-Razi have been printed many times, in Venice in 1509, Paris in 1528 and 1548. His treatise on small pox was reprinted in 1745. Medical universities have relied primarily on his works for their courses. |
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10th Century | |
900AD | Abu Kamil writes important works of Geometry and Algebra. Al-Misri writes on Geometry. |
901AD | Thabit ibn Qurra dies in Baghdad. |
910AD | Al-Nairizi writes on Geometry. Al-Faradi writes on Arithmetic. |
922AD | Ibn-Fadlan, is part of an embassy to the Scandinavian Rus along the Volga. He writes his account of their customs. |
923AD | Death of al Al-Tabari, historian. He was born in 839, in Amul, in Tabaristan, hence his surname. His studies took through the vast land of Islam, via: Ravy, Baghdad, Basra, Kufa, to Syrian centres of learning, then Fustat in Egypt, then back to Baghdad. |
940AD | Birth of Abu'l Wafa. He worked at the observatory of Sharaf al-Daula. He made observations using a 20 ft quadrant and a 56 ft stone sextant. He wrote Theories of the Moon. He introduced in mathematics the Tangent ratio (opposite / adjacent sides of right triangle). He also developed spherical trigonometry. |
945AD | Birth in the town of Aurillac, in Auvergne (France) of Gerbert who later becomes Pope Sylvester II. He is the first European to introduce Islamic mathematics into Europe from Spain. He also introduces the abacus. He is seen as a magician and dies poisoned. |
950AD | Ibn Yunis, Egyptian astronomer. He carries observations at the Cairo observatory. |
950AD | Earliest use of paper in Spain. In the period between 913 and 1005, all over the Muslim world, paper replaces rare and costly writing materials, which hence facilitates the making of books and the advance of learning. |
953AD | John, a monk from Gorze, in Lorraine (Eastern France, on the German frontier) was sent by Emperor Otto I as ambassador to Muslim Cordova. Amidst a complex diplomatic process, he spent there three years. He met amongst others Bishop Recemundus, who was acquainted with Islamic learning. John of Gorze also brought back with him manuscripts which made Lorraine one of the first centres for the diffusion of Muslim science. |
960AD | Al-Khazini writes on Geometry. Al-Khazini is also the author of Mizzan al-Hikma, one of the fundamental treatises on mechanics and physics of medieval times. It includes a theory of gravity; tables of densities, not only of solids but also of liquids. According to Al-Khazinini densities were also investigated by al-Biruni. Al-Khazini also describes the construction of a 24hr water clock designed for astronomical purposes. |
961AD | This year appears the Calendar of Cordova. In this treatise, nearly nine centuries ahead of similar ones in Europe, can be found all science regarding soil use, irrigation, times for planting, harvests, actions against parasites and insects, farming administrative procedures at times of the year, and all details that regard farming in all its complexities. |
973AD | Birth of physicist, mathematician, traveller and geographer Al-Biruni. |
977AD | A hospital is founded in Baghdad. It employees 24 physicians, and includes a surgery and a department for eye diseases. |
980AD | Birth near Bukhara of Ibn Sina, who later writes The Canon of Medicine, in five volumes. The Latin translation of Ibn Sina was printed at Milan in 1473, at Padua (Italy) in 1476, and at Strasbourg (France) earlier. Abu'l Wafa writes important work on Trigonometry. |
987AD | Al-Muqaddassi, in his introduction to his treatise Description of the Muslim Empire (written that year), asserts that he is guided by personal observations first and foremost. Bookish authorities only come last. Al-Muqaddassi was born in Jerusalem, and travelled widely through the Muslim world. In his work: Ahsan at-taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim,he provides descriptions of the lands and regions he passed through of the first order. This treatise: Ahsan At-taqassim… (The best division) has been repeatedly edited and translated into European languages. |
988AD | Beginning of Al-Azhar university. |
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11th Century | |
1000-1009AD | The Muslims introduce the lemon plant to Sicily and Spain. |
1000AD | Ibn Sina writes major book on Geometry; and another on arithmetic. Al-Majriti (from Madrid) writes on Geometry. He also wrote `some chapters indispensable for everyone who wishes to construct an astrolabe,' which includes a table of 21 stars entitled Table of the Places of the fixed stars. Hamid ibn Al-Khidr writes on Algebra, and on the Astrolabe. Ibn Al-Haytham writes on Geometry; and on algebra. Mansur ibn 'Ali writes on Trigonometry. Ibn Yunis writes on Astronomy. Al-Biruni writes a major work on mathematics. |
1008AD | The large astronomical tables are compiled by Ibn Yunus. These tables are accurate astronomical and mathematical tables based on 200 years of (naked eye) observations. Ibn Al-Haytham correctly explains how lenses work, and develops parabolic mirrors, similar to those used in today's reflecting telescopes. |
1026AD | Birth of Gerbert's student Wilhelm, abbot of Hirschau (1026-1091), who taught mathematics and astronomy." |
1028AD | Another student of Gerbert, Guido of Arezzo (Aretinus), a Benedictine monk from Pomposa, near Ferrara, writes on arithmetic. 1029AD Al-Zarqali is born; He edits a set of planetary tables-The Toledan Tables- for the year 1080. He also built astronomical instruments, and wrote al-Safiha al-Zarqaliya (Azafea), on the universal astrolabe, invented by him, which could be used to solve all the problems of spherical astronomy for any latitude. |
1030AD | Al-Biruni (973-1050) completes his book on India, which gives the first, thorough account of that country. |
1035AD | Birth of Ibn al-Saffar (Al-Ghafiqi), a native of Cordova, who wrote on astronomical tables and instruments. N. Khosraw, on a visit to Cairo, was surprised to see: `sellers of vegetables, spices, hardware, provided with paper in which all they sold was immediately wrapped up', a generalised use of paper similar to what we have today, centuries ahead of anywhere else. |
1037AD | Death of Ibn Sina. Death of Ibn Al-Haytham. |
1048AD | Death of Al-Biruni. |
1050-1059AD | The Muslims introduce the decimal system into Spain. |
1050AD | The supernova that now forms the Crab Nebula is observed in Japan, China, and the Muslim world, and stays visible in the sky for 22 months. |
1067AD | Nizam Al-Mulk establishes the first college of Islam in Baghdad (Al-madrasa Al-nizamiyya). |
1070-1089AD | Al-Zarqali suggests that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, preceding Kepler by centuries. |
1076AD | Death of Ibn Haiyan. He was born at Cordova in 987-88. He was a Hispano Muslim historian. Author of an immense history of Spain in 60 volumes (Kitab al-matin, Liber solidus) and of a shorter work, in 10 volumes, dealing with the biographies of Hispano-Muslim scholars (Kitab al-Muqtabis fi Tarikh al-Andalus). |
1085AD | Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain, from the Muslims. This is an important centre of Islamic learning, and will become the centre of translation of Muslim science into Latin in the following century. |
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12th century | |
1106AD | Birth of Ibn Bajja (Avempace). He is a Hispano Muslim. His main works are on physics. He also constructed a planetary system. He died in Fez in 1139. |
1100AD | Abu'l-Salt (from Spain) writes on Geometry. He also wrote on mechanics. During his long stay in Egypt (1096-1112) he tried to raise a ship sunk at Alexandria, but failed. |
1111AD | Death of al -Ghazali. He wrotes many treatises, including a classification of the sciences; and on the education of the child.. He also criticised speculative theology and philosophy, and the Shi'ite Isma'iliyya. He was seen as a renewer of the Sunni faith. |
1111AD | Adelard of Bath, the first English scientist, studied at Toledo, Tours, Laon, the East, and who travelled through Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and beyond. Inspired by Muslim learning, he writes Questiones Naturales. It is one of the first writings towards what is now called the Scientific Method. He summarizes knowledge gained from Muslim sources including Acoustics, Botany, Meteorology, and Optics. Roughly this time, he also writes Rules of the Abacus and Usage of the Astrolabium. |
1114AD | Birth of Italian scholar Gerard of Cremona in Italy. He will become the main translator of Islamic science in the city of Toledo. |
1126AD | Adelard of Bath translates Al-Khowarizmi's Astronomical Tables. At roughly this time, he also translates Al- Khwarizmi's Liber ysagogarum alchorismi (about arithmetic) from Arabic to Latin. |
1127AD | Liber regalis (al-Kitab al-Maliki) by Ali Abbas al-Majusti is translated by Stephen of Antioch. This follows an earlier incomplete translation by Constantine the African. |
1130AD | Adelard of Bath made a translation of Maslama's edition of AL-Khwarizmi's astronomical tables in 1126. |
1140AD | Decree by Roger II, Norman king, that medicine may only be practiced by physicians with a government license. This follows a practice already established in the Muslim world centuries before. |
1143AD | Robert of Chester translates the Koran into Latin, apparently the first to ever do this.This translation, however, is riddled with distortions. |
1145AD | Robert of Chester also translates Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra into Latin. |
1150AD | Jabir Ibn Aflah died; He worked at Seville. He wrote Kitab al-Haia; and criticised the Ptolemaic theory of the planets. He held that Mercury and Venus must have a perceptible parallax; Venus may happen to be exactly on the line joining the sun and the earth. He also invented the astronomical instrument called the turquet. |
1158AD | The University of Bologna formally founded in Italy. Like subsequent universities set up in Europe, they are fundamentally inspired by Islamic learning and science. |
1167-1168AD | The University of Oxford is formally set up in England, although it had begun lectures as early as 1133. The influence of Daniel of Morley and Jewish scholars inspired by Islamic learning is crucial to its development. |
1170'sAD | Italian scholar Gerard of Cremona translates nearly a hundred works, including treatises by al-Kindi, Thabit ibn Qurra, Al-Razi, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina. |
1175AD | Birth of Michael Scott, also known as "the Wizard Michael Scott". He studies at Oxford and Paris. He learns Arabic. He lives in the Muslim influenced island of Sicily under Frederick II. He makes translations of Al-Bitruji. |
1180AD | Daniel Morley (or Merlai, Merlac, Marlach) from England. He was very much influenced by Islamic science. He made studies at Oxford; Paris and Toledo. He is credited of initiating learning at the University of Oxford. |
1189AD | Herault, France, has a paper mill established, likely the first in Europe, other than Spain. |
1198AD | The philosopher Ibn Rushd; Averroes dies in Marrakesh, Morocco. |
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13th century and after | |
1200AD | Around this time, Al-Bitruji who lived in Spain (most likely in Seville) wrote a mathematical theory of Astronomy. |
1202AD | Leonardo Fibonacci (born in Pisa, Italy), who had been taught mathematics in Bejaia (Algeria), publishes "Liber abaci" [Book of the Abacus"], the first European book to use "0" for Zero, and including his famous series 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55... known to us a Fibonacci's Sequence. |
1202AD | Leonardo Fibonacci (born in Pisa, Italy), who had been taught mathematics in Bejaia (Algeria), publishes "Liber abaci" [Book of the Abacus"], the first European book to use "0" for Zero, and including his famous series 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55... known to us a Fibonacci's Sequence. |
1203AD | Birth of Ibn Abi Usaybia (1203-70). He wrote the biographies of 400 Muslim medical scholars. |
1210-1211AD | Death of Ibn al-Katib, the author of works with discussions on Architecture, Arithmetic, and Geometry. |
1211AD | Birth of Ibn Khallikan (1211-1282) who, in his work Obituaries of men of Note, wrote about the lives of 865 distinguished Muslim scholars. |
1217AD | Michael Scott translates "Liber astronomiae" ["Book of Astronomy"] by al-Bitruji. |
1222AD | Founding in Italy of the University of Padua, mainly dealing with medicine. Again Islamic influence is very strong. |
1224AD | Founding in Italy of the University of Naples. |
1224AD | The first Franciscans arrive at the University of Oxford, helping to spread Islamic learning acquired in Southern Europe. |
1229AD | Founding in France of the University of Toulouse. |
1230AD | Approximate date of founding, in Spain, of Salamanca University. |
1231AD | Cambridge University is founded. |
1244AD | Beginning of the University of Rome. |
1248AD | Death of Ibn Al-Qifti. He wrote on the lives of 414 philosophers and scientists. |
1253AD | Founding in Paris of the Sorbonne University |
1250sAD | Ibn Bedr of Seville writes a collection of texts on Algebra. |
1250AD | King Alfonso X of Castile orders the astronomical table compilation `The Alfonsine Tables,' based mostly on Islamic learning, completed in 1272, and published in 1483. |
1253AD | The Decimal System for numbers is introduced into England by Sacrobosco (John of Halifax). |
1258AD | Born around this year, died 1339, is Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi. He was best known for his Talkhis, a treatise on Arithmetic. He also wrote about Algebra, the Astrolabe, Astronomy, Mensuration, and Proportion. |
1258AD | The Mongols devastate Baghdad. The other centres of Islamic science had also just fallen (Cordova: 1236; Valencia: 1238, and Seville: 1248). This is the beginning of the end for Muslim civilisation. |
1259AD | Moses ben Tibbon (whose father and grandfather also did such translations) translated the Astronomy of Al-Bitruji [1200], and probably also the Aritmetic of Al-Hassar, from Arabic to Hebrew. |
1259AD | In Maragha, begins the building the Observatory of Nasir al-Din al Tusi. He will begin observations here, which will be completed in 1272 and called Zij-i Ilkhani. |
1270AD | "Perspectiva" ["Perspectives"] is published by Witelo (a German-Polish scholar). This treatise on optics, wholly based on Ibn al-Haytham's earlier work rejects the Greek notion that rays travel from the eye to the thing seen. The work also covers geometrical optics, reflection, and refraction. |
1279AD | Al-Qalasadi, the last great Muslim mathematicians of Spain, is born near Granada. He writes about Arithmetic and original notions of Number Theory. He invented a new sign for radicals, and one for equality. He suggested a system of "ascending continued fractions." The Sicilian King, Charles of Anjou orders the translation of The "Liber continens" medical encyclopedia of Al-Razi. It is translated from Arabic to Latin by Moses Farachi. |
1281AD | "Nihayat al-idrak fi dirayat al-aflak", by Qutb al-Din al Shirazi, provides a non-Ptolemaic model of the Solar System, which uses uniform motions in a circle as much as possible. This is one of the sources of Copernicus subsequent theory. |
1284AD | Death, in Seville, Spain, of monarch Alfonso X of Castile, 24 April 1284. His astronomical legacy was primarily based on Islamic learning. |
1293AD | First paper mill in Bologna (Italy) established. |
1294AD | Paper money is issued at Tabriz in Chinese and Arabic texts for the first time. |
1299AD | Arabic numerals are banned in Florence, Italy. |
1309AD | First use of paper in England. |
1326AD | Ibn Battuta, from Tangiers starts his exploration of India, Ceylon, China, and the Orient. He was to become the greatest explorer of his era. |
1407AD | Death of Algerian scholar Ibn Qunfudh. He wrote Help to the students for the determination of the Positions of the Planets. |
1550AD | Sinan builds the Sulaymaniye Mosque in istambul. |